Hydraulic Jump

OpenHydroLab · Rectangular flume, b = 0.20 m, horizontal bed

Supercritical inflow (section 1)

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Aha demo: in the E–y & M–y view, press Sweep Fr₁: y₁ and y₂ always sit on the same vertical line of the M–y diagram (momentum conserved) but on different E values of the E–y diagram — the gap is h_L, the energy destroyed by the roller. A sluice gate pairs depths the other way round (same E, different M): alternate depths vs sequent depths in one picture.

Flow

q = V₁·y₁
Q = q·b
V₁ = Fr₁·√(gy₁)
V₂ = q/y₂
Fr₂ (subcritical)
Critical depth y꜀

Jump geometry

Sequent depth y₂
Height h_j = y₂ − y₁
Relative height h_j/E₁
Length L = 9.75·y₁·(Fr₁−1)^1.01 (empirical)
Relative length L/y₁
STEADY JUMP

Momentum (conserved across the jump)

M₁ = q²/(gy₁) + y₁²/2
M₂ = q²/(gy₂) + y₂²/2
Momentum check |M₁ − M₂|/M₁

Energy (destroyed by the roller)

E₁ = y₁ + V₁²/2g
E₂ = y₂ + V₂²/2g
h_L = E₁ − E₂
h_L = (y₂−y₁)³/(4y₁y₂)
Energy dissipated h_L/E₁
Efficiency E₂/E₁
Bélanger:  y₂/y₁ = ½(√(1+8Fr₁²) − 1)
M = q²/(gy) + y²/2  (specific force ÷ ρg, per unit width)
h_L = (y₂−y₁)³/(4y₁y₂)  ·  L/y₁ = 9.75(Fr₁−1)^1.01
E₂/E₁ = [(1+8Fr₁²)^{3/2} − 4Fr₁² + 1] / [8Fr₁²(2+Fr₁²)]
Self-checks: M₁ and M₂ are computed independently each frame — their equality is the momentum principle the Bélanger equation comes from. The two h_L rows (energy balance vs momentum-derived formula) must also agree exactly, and do.